Finding Top Persuasive Essay Topics

<h1>Finding Top Persuasive Essay Topics</h1><p>Your powerful article subject is the thing that gives your discourse or letter stand apart from the rest. Nonetheless, in the event that you aren't sure how to discover it, here are a couple of tips to help you out.</p><p></p><p>The first tip when discovering top exposition themes is to keep it pertinent. Numerous individuals pick points that don't relate to the field they are in. A portion of the more well known subjects include:</p><p></p><p>And in the event that you don't know about which subjects to pick, you can generally talk with your educator and significant partnerships and discover the themes they will cover in the class. You can likewise approach loved ones for suggestions.</p><p></p><p>Now that you realize that your point must be pertinent, the following stage is to discover destinations that rundown the top influential exposition themes . You can likewise look into your subjects on sites that represent considerable authority around there. There are a ton of locales out there so it's anything but difficult to get lost and end up with an inappropriate one.</p><p></p><p>As for the web search, there are a couple of tips you can utilize. Search for articles or blog entries that have just been composed and have the title remembered for the article. Additionally, search for the watchwords the article specifies in the writer asset box at the base of the page.</p><p></p><p>If the subject of the article you're taking a gander at is as of now utilized, you can likewise look into the name of the individual who composed it, trailed by the word 'master' and check whether there are any comparative sites that may be connected. This will be a special reward in the event that you definitely know the writer.</p><p></p><p>Another incredible thing is that most acce ptable essayists will give you their papers as a little something extra. They will likewise compose on the point and inform you concerning their prosperity. This gives you more certainty that you can pull it off as well.</p><p></p><p>As with anything, there are huge amounts of subjects that you can utilize. The key is simply finding the correct one for you.</p>

Save Money With The Best Buy on Term Papers

Set aside Cash With The Best Buy on Term PapersOne of the most ideal approaches to get a good deal on school is to purchase school research projects. You may even have the option to discover limits for purchasing research papers on the web, which is getting very normal in the USA. You can without much of a stretch see all the choices out there so you will comprehend what you are getting yourself into before you buy.It is significant that you search around and check costs. On the off chance that you don't search around you may not get the best arrangements or the ones that are directly for you. It's anything but difficult to locate the top destinations out there so you can think about prices.One of the most significant interesting points when seeing paper costs is simply the paper. How thick is the paper? Is it overall quite smooth? The one with the least thickness, thickness and cost per sheet is the best to purchase.One thing you can search for in the paper is whether it is without corrosive. That way on the off chance that you have touchy skin or a pet you will be glad to realize that it won't strip or get soaked like a few papers will.Paper that is light weight is normally less expensive than the heavier paper. Additionally ensure the paper is of acceptable quality. Some paper will really scratch the paper you are composing on. The more costly papers are consistently the better ones to buy.There are numerous schools out there that will give you a paper for nothing on the off chance that you simply give them your location. This isn't really a smart thought however it is simpler to simply say no at that point say yes. Once in a while it is smarter to experience an unexpected paper in comparison to getting a similar paper as another person. No one can tell who may purchase the paper from you.In an existence where there are huge amounts of spots to get paper online you will see that they all appear as in a similar value run. It's a brilliant intention for ensure you get the most ideal cost.

How to Write Academic Essays For Health Care Topics

<h1>How to Write Academic Essays For Health Care Topics</h1><p>There are a great deal of scholarly themes that you can compose on the off chance that you are attempting to get your paper composed for a class. Medicinal services points are extraordinary for getting your exposition distributed and furthermore for getting your paper under the control of your professor.</p><p></p><p>When composing on human services themes, realize that many individuals in the clinical calling are not agreeable to expounding regarding a matter this way. Thus, it is essential to be cautious about what you compose and how you compose it so as to be effective. Here are a few hints to get you started.</p><p></p><p>First, you ought to consider your medicinal services gives first. You will need to know why your theme is significant and if there is a subject that is progressively pertinent to your territory of intrigue. Numerous understudies decid e to compose on an issue that identifies with their current employment.</p><p></p><p>Another great approach to begin composing social insurance subjects is to look on the web. There are numerous sites that have medicinal services points that you can use to assist you with your subject research. The most ideal approach to utilize these sites is to turn on your PC and peruse through the site, searching for themes that you feel would hold any importance with you.</p><p></p><p>When you are searching for human services points to use for your scholastic paper, you might need to approach an educator for help. Approach a teacher for their recommendation on what theme you ought to pick. You can likewise inquire as to whether you can utilize their point to help you in your scholarly essay.</p><p></p><p>Before you start composing your social insurance themes, you should ensure that you have a strong thought of what your su bject will be about. As such, you should recognize what will be written in your subject before you start writing.</p><p></p><p>Remember that scholastic expositions that are composed for social insurance issues frequently include a great deal of research and consequently it is essential to pick a point that you know about. On the off chance that you have an alternate sort of subject that you are new to, it is ideal to look online for a point that you know about or for a theme that you have explored already.</p><p></p><p>Hopefully you will presently see how to compose medicinal services themes. Remember that composing social insurance points requires look into and a touch of information, yet it very well may be done in the event that you utilize your presence of mind and do the research.</p>

Writing an Interesting College Application Essay

<h1>Writing an Interesting College Application Essay</h1><p>You need to compose an intriguing article on the off chance that you need to apply to school, however what would you be able to do? How would you begin when you need to compose an incredible paper? There are some straightforward stunts that you can utilize that will assist you with having an article that you can be glad for and that will stand apart most importantly the others.</p><p></p><p>For a certain something, you need to comprehend that composing a long exposition isn't what anybody needs. Rather, attempt to make your paper short and basic. This implies you have to get the significant focuses over, and afterward summarize it such that will leave the peruser with an impression.</p><p></p><p>Of course, this doesn't imply that you need to surrender every one of your thoughts. Indeed, on the off chance that you record a portion of your thoughts, you can util ize them as approaches to assist you with summing up the remainder of your exposition. Despite the fact that it is simpler to utilize the short paper design, this doesn't imply that you can stop writing!</p><p></p><p>So, rather than leaving every one of your thoughts on the table, consider all the beneficial things that you might want to remember for your article. What may be extraordinary is to feature how you came to think about the school. This can be an incredible spot to incorporate some data about where you met a portion of your different companions from the school.</p><p></p><p>Of course, when you compose an exposition for a school application, you need to ensure that it is a paper that you can truly be glad for. One approach to ensure that you remember about any of your thoughts is to glance back at your past paper. This will assist you with checking whether there are any pieces of it that you may have missed or that you could improve upon.</p><p></p><p>The last thing that you need to do is to attempt to make your school application article only an expansion of yourself. This can assist you with considering what it is that you need to state. In the event that you find that you can't state something different, you might need to consider changing something that you composed with the goal that you can compose something that is totally different.</p><p></p><p>It is additionally a smart thought to consider whether you need to do a school application exposition for confirmations. A few people decide to do this after secondary school, while others do it directly before they start school. Once in a while, a school application article will be the main possibility that you get the opportunity to discuss yourself, so you need to ensure that you can think of something that can be genuine and memorable.</p><p></p><p>When you are attempting to get into school, you need to set aside the effort to compose an intriguing school application paper. With some training, you can begin to compose that astounding exposition surprisingly fast. Keep in mind, however, that you need to compose from the heart and that you can't depend on summing up what you wrote in the sections that follow.</p>

Observing Erik Ericson Psychosocial Theory in the Real World

Erik Ericson psychosocial theory attempts to explain some of the natural changes that occur in each human being in relation between the social environment and self-understanding. In his eight stages, he describes, â€Å"the emergence of the self, the search for identity, the individuals relationships with others, and the role of culture throughout life† (Woolfolk, 2013, p. 87). In one of the eight stages, Ericson established the role that adolescence plays in a person’s life, identity versus role confusion. Identity refers to the organization of the individuals drives, abilities, beliefs, and history into a consistent image of self† (p. 90). According to Erickson in the adolescence, a person must confront the â€Å"central issue of constructing an identity that will provide a firm basis for adulthood†¦ adolescence marks the first time that a conscious effort is made to answer the now pressing question: ‘Who am I?’† (p. 90) â€Å"Erikson believed that people go through eight life stages, each of which involves a central crisis. Adequate resolution of each crisis leads to greater personal and social competence and a stronger foundation for solving future crises† (p. 109). That is why, many high school students are looking for peer acceptance, they value their opinions in a search for leadership or someone that inspire them, and gradually develops a set of â€Å"individuals drives, abilities, beliefs, and history into a consistent image of self† (p. 91). For example, I offer assistant in

Sample Essay For ESL Students

Test Essay For ESL StudentsIn request to introduce an example article for ESL understudies, there are sure things that you should remember. It is in such a situation, that having the fundamental information can assist you with writing an article on such topics.English is a broadly communicated in language. There are heaps of individuals who can peruse and communicate in English. Individuals from various pieces of the world learn English for different reasons. A few people need to utilize it as a conventional medium while others want to utilize it as a specialized instrument with their loved ones. These individuals may be understudies, experts of business, specialist, designer, understudies and numerous others.Depending on the diverse highlight, individuals generally utilize various words and sentences. This can make crafted by an instructor somewhat troublesome. The equivalent is the situation when an understudy needs to compose an article on a specific point. It is hard for them to do this in light of the fact that the point isn't so very much characterized. A decent example article for ESL understudies can be exceptionally useful in this case.Here you will locate certain significant hints that you can use for composing an example exposition for ESL understudies. These incorporate adding themes to your exposition, keeping up the progression of the article and utilizing suitable jargon. These tips can assist you with being a decent essayist. They help you to be increasingly innovative and make you a superior writer.In the primary spot, you should add themes to your exposition for ESL understudies. This can help you in setting up a paper that is new and unique. Adding points to your exposition causes you to be innovative and allows you to be exceptionally inventive. At the point when you compose a paper on a theme that is as of now notable, you will in general become exhausting. Utilizing these themes will give you a superior opportunity to be imaginative andto make many individuals keen on perusing your essay.Keeping the progression of the exposition is additionally significant for it to glance great and in the correct way. Most ESL understudies are occupied with working and can't dedicate sufficient opportunity to their expositions. The most ideal approach to get the progression of your paper is to compose it. This should be possible by utilizing visual cues, scattered sections and the like.Proper utilization of jargon is additionally significant recorded as a hard copy an exposition. The most ideal approach to utilize legitimate jargon is to have a word reference close by to control you in the utilization of the jargon. Perusing jargon records is likewise helpful.The last tip to use recorded as a hard copy an example paper for ESL understudies is to be innovative. There are numerous things that you can use to be inventive. So have a ton of fun and be innovative!

The Downside Risk of Ut Austin Essay Topics That No One Is Talking About

<h1> The Downside Risk of Ut Austin Essay Topics That No One Is Talking About </h1> <h2> The Ultimate Approach for Ut Austin Essay Topics</h2> <p>Therefore, if something has happened that influenced your scholarly exhibition, this is a magnificent opportunity to illuminate the conditions. You can even look at a few surveys and settle on the business that most suits your prerequisites and sensibly estimated spending plan. Our client assistance will happily reveal to you whether there are any exceptional proposals right now, notwithstanding ensure you are getting the absolute best help our organization may convey. For example, in case you're keen on driving effort extends in neighborhood Austin people group or significantly different countries, you can clarify how the bore of persistence will show up in helpful while persuading associations to permit you to work with them. </p> <p>This stage is proposed to meet the prerequisites of those that a re keen on completing a paper quick. It would be ideal if you know, the substance is typically refreshed with these new papers in two or three weeks of the exposition discharge. </p> <p>Regardless of what article point you were given, our exposition generator will be able to complete your paper without any problem. The point of these papers is to completely get a handle on why you might want to go to McCombs and to discover increasingly about you expertly and by and by. It is significant to realize that expositions aren't constantly required or offered as a decision. Composing the school application paper can be among the most overwhelming segments of applying to school. </p> <h2>Type of Ut Austin Essay Topics </h2> <p>There are a great deal of interesting points and in particular, is the reliability of the administration you choose to utilize. For example, in the event that you select to rate an extensive encounter, accomplishment or hazard you've produced and its results on you, verify you mindfully and basically break down both the condition and its effect. Your rundown will simply flexibly you with a cerebral pain on the off chan ce that you don't find a solution for end your issues. It isn't sufficient to just depict your locale or your relatives. </p> <p>So for the individuals who have an exposition alloted that you will require help with, you can buy article online modest from us. It's critical to peruse cautiously article administrations audits, since you wish to forestall low unrivaled administrations. It's conceivable to handily rely upon us to discover article help as we tend to help and guide the understudies with the help of our expert specialists. Concentrating just can help improve your capacities. </p> <h2> Ut Austin Essay Topics and Ut Austin Essay Topics - The Perfect Combination</h2> <p>we have an all encompassing audit approach. There can be close to home data that you might want considered as an individual from your affirmations application. There can be close to home data which you need considered as an individual from your confirmations application. To s tart, plan a program. </p> <p>The Regents, however, can decide to distribute additional adds up to the college. Educator Mitchell acquired an award to have a class of understudies to Belgium to have the option to consider the EU. Understudies have occupied existences and every now and again disregard a moving toward cutoff time. </p> <p>Get in contact with the Graduate and International Admissions Center at 512-475-7390 if you have questions in regards to the proper application. Find the entrance times during which you can enroll on the web by checking your Registration Information Sheet. The University's baseball crew is among the nation's ideal. Address your recommenders ASAP to permit them to realize they ought to get an email when you spare the segment. </p> <p>Please know that installment of the application charge before the preparing of the waiver won't be discounted. When you present your program, pay your application charge. When you start your application, it's conceivable to consistently spare your advancement. If you don't mind connect with us concerning the charge waiver following your subsequent application was submitted. </p> <p>The audit may take a few days so finish the registration whenever the situation allows. You need to give a specific aggregate of time sitting i n the library or riding the web in order to find some supportive information for your scholarly paper. It takes just 5 minutes to peruse a survey and find out all you need to think about that association. The length of the video should be close to 5 minutes. </p> <p>Writing quality expositions is the chief motivation behind our administrations. Custom composing implies a noteworthy organization with exclusive requirements. It is a blessing that easily falls into place. Begin composing wherever in the paper you feel you have a remark. </p> <p>Take a glance at our composing administrations surveys and discover how top of the line exposition composing organizations take care of business. Specially crafted paper administrations are the same old thing and have existed for quite a long time. Our site highlights custom composing help and altering help. By perusing this area you will learn if dire cutoff times are acknowledged and in the occasion the business in reality regards your cutoff times. </p>

Writing Essays - Choosing the Best College Course to Take

Writing Essays - Choosing the Best College Course to TakeStudents that are taking a Suffolk College essay course are enjoying the experience so much that they are asking for the course to be offered at their school. This is a great idea, but if you are one of these students, you need to make sure that you take care of your Suffolk College essay assignments so that you will be happy with them.It may seem like you have a lot of responsibilities in taking this English course, but it is actually easier than you think. Once you begin taking the essay writing course, you will find that the assignments are not too hard to complete and that it really doesn't take too long to finish. What's more, the work that you do throughout the semester will be a huge help to your grades, as long as you are diligent with your work.Of course, you will want to make sure that you don't skip any homework in order to get good grades in the class. This is something that you need to understand because the grade that you get will be determined by the amount of work that you put into the class. There are some students who do well in the English course, but those students usually end up being really bad in other classes. Those who are good in English end up being very good in all other classes.Of course, even though you may be doing well in the English course, you may still be behind with other courses as well. This is why you need to make sure that you pay attention to all of your assigned work throughout the semester. You also need to make sure that you will be able to write an essay that you can be proud of.The way that you are able to do this is by making sure that you understand the format that you are going to use in all of your essays. Even though you may not have a lot of experience with writing essays, you will find that it doesn't take too long to learn this skill. You just need to take your time and learn everything about how to properly format an essay.Of course, in the course of taking this English course, you are going to find that there are a lot of examples of essays that you can look at. You will find that the students who choose to take this course are actually very good at understanding how the material should be put together. This is why you should take advantage of the information that you can gather from the examples that you will find throughout the course.By taking the time to read through all of the examples that you can find, you will find that you will have a better understanding of the ways that you should format your essays. This is a skill that you are going to need in order to make sure that you get a great grade in the class. You should take all of the time that you need to learn this skill so that you will be able to write an essay that you can be proud of.It doesn't take very long to learn how to write an essay, but it does take a lot of time to perfect this skill once you begin to take the English course. You should make sure that you take the time to learn this skill and to learn how to properly format your essays so that you will be able to get the grades that you need. This is a skill that you should be able to use throughout your college career and you should make sure that you take advantage of everything that you can get when it comes to learning this skill.

How to Write an Argument Essay That Fits Your Style

How to Write an Argument Essay That Fits Your StyleAn argument essay is a type of essay that involves two or more opposing sides of a certain topic. They are very short - usually only ten pages long, if they are not used for college-level essays. An argument essay helps the reader to decide on what kind of conclusion to draw from the argument, and also, gives them a chance to think.The reason it is so difficult to write an argument essay is because there are so many different types of arguments that you could use. Since so many different situations could be covered in an argument essay, there is not one set of rules that you can follow. However, there are some guidelines that can help you write an argument essay that will make it easier for you to write.Arguments come in all shapes and sizes. The best thing you can do is to choose one topic and try to make a clear, concise argument about it. From there, you should be able to write about that topic in as much detail as possible.Most o f the time, essay topics are very specific. For example, if you want to write an essay about the American dream, then you would probably need to do research on exactly what the American dream is. Your essay could be very narrow in scope, or it could cover everything from the dawn of the United States to our current state of the economy.When writing argument essays, the topic should also be somewhat related to the topic of the essay itself. If you are writing an essay about building a relationship with your boss, then you might want to focus on a business or employment situation. In this case, there is a good chance that the topic of the essay would be something of a general nature.When you are writing argument essays, remember that you are writing not just to convince your readers but to provide information to them as well. It is imperative that you do not bury your information for the reader to learn about it. It is okay to talk about the world around you, but it is also important to include some details.Keep in mind that when writing an argument essay, you should also be able to present your own opinion or argument without sounding like a fool. Think of your essay as an independent piece of writing. You have to be able to write in a way that allows you to appear to be both informed and well informed.It is also important that you be able to put into words the main points of your argument. Your essay should have a strong thesis statement at the very least. This way, when it comes time to revise your essay, your main points will still be there.

The Little, Big Village Of Perrinton Michigan - 1512 Words

The Little, Big Village of Perrinton Michigan Migrating from one place to another is never easy, especially when the overall experience and change is so drastic. Looking out the window and having everything change can be scary. For example, when I was just a lad, about eleven years old, I moved from the great big city of Athens, Georgia, to the little, big village called Perrinton, Michigan. Although it was very scary at first and I did not like the big change; I did not like the location, or the smell, or the fact that everyone called soda â€Å"pop†, or the fact that I had to beg my parents to drive so long in order to get anywhere. I eventually came to love being in the quietness and contentment the countryside gave me. From the research I have come across, it is quite apparent to me, that Perrinton has had many fans since day one. Welcoming people from all over, year after year with its festivals, a school, and little businesses. Many businesses started up and plenty of businesses burned down. Like many other small vi llages, Perrinton developed during time, and with time many things happened. Perrinton has seen many changes over the years to make it the village it is today. Perrinton was one of the many villages to initiate with only a little bit of land, a purpose and a goal. Perrinton was built in 1886 in the Gratiot County area. Oddly enough, Perrinton is not the original name of the small village. The original name is â€Å"Perrin†. It was named Perrin in honor of a prominent

Worlds Together Worlds Apart Chapter 5 Outline free essay sample

In Eastern Zhou China, large territorial states and had formulas for ordering human behavior In Greece and the Levant, dynamic city-states and new ideas about good governance East and South Asia, Caribbean coast of Mexico, coasts of Mediterranean have sacred categories and religious experiences Second generation societies- building on predecessors and representing departure from ancient civilization Thinkers in Greece and Ganges river valley question society values and beliefs Eastern Zhou China Political degeneration leads to political and intellectual innovation Emergence of Eastern Zhou dynasty = Spring and Autumn period; ends with Warring states period 1. The Spring and Autumn Period Regional states have power over Zhou central government Purified iron emerges and spreads cheap power to local authorities Lord of the Wu state begins the Grand Canal connecting Yellow with Yangzi 2. The Warring States Period  Wars and shifting political alliances involved unprecedented scale of military mobilization and resources Qin state replaced Zhou in 221 BCE (terracotta warriors buried with first emperor) Reformed coalitions to maintain balance of power; impersonal legal codes enhanced these (punishment based on crime) 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Worlds Together Worlds Apart Chapter 5 Outline or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page New Ideas and the â€Å"Hundred Masters† Confucius was most prominent teacher; others either expanded on his ideas or opposed them (Hundred Schools of Thought) A. Confucius (551 – 479 BCE) The Analects- teachings of Confucius according to his followers; had extraordinary influence Moral framework stressed correct performance of ritual, family responsibility, and perfection of moral character (to become a â€Å"superior man†) Classified people by education more than birth B. Mo Di Mohism- each man obligated to all others; promoted social order, material benefits for all, population growth Opposed conquest as it is waste of resources but recognized need for defense from marauders â€Å"Axial age† 2nd Gen societies Grand Canal Qin Confucius Mozi (Mohism) C. Laozi and Zhuangzi Daoism- scorned rituals and social hierarchy; best way to live was to follow natural order (dao- the Way) Ruler is to interfere as little as possible with the natural processes of change Wuwei- â€Å"doing nothing†, how one should rule D. Xunzi and Han Fei Legalism or Statism- men and women were innately bad; required moral education and authoritarian control Ruler should have harsh, unbending laws 4. Scholars and the State Scholars served rulers to make better state Qin state achieved order through Legal approach but borrowed from other philosophies 5. Innovations in State Administration Officials drawn from shi (previously knights, now bureaucrats); called gentlemen or superior men Shang Yang- reformed Qin domain by dividing into administrative districts and appointing people to take care of each Harsh penal code stressed collective responsibilities 6. Innovations in Warfare Registered rural population for military recruitment Massive infantries of peasants using iron laces fought to the death; increasingly sophisticated warfare Siege warfare- elite troops used iron armor and crossbows, siege ladders used to scale urban walls 7. Economic, Social, and Cultural Changes Environmental problems- deforestation, erosion of fields, extinction of animals; many migrated south Large population put stress of food sources; standard of living began to lower for commoners; many migrated Crop rotation and iron plows increased productivity; in the short term, food surplus New economic method- peasants had right to land in exchange for taxes and military service Gender relations- sexes become more separated and behavior constrained by moral and legal sanctions; women limited The New Worlds of South Asia Violence and warfare provided setting for vibrant culture and intellectual insight 1. The Rise of New Polities Vedic people moved into Ganges plain, a monsoon region 1000-600 BCE small territorial states constantly feuding Some states had hereditary monarchy; others had oligarchies (clique of privileged rulers) 2. Expansion of the Caste System Economy centered on farming by extended families; Water buffalo and complex irrigation required Labor specialization created a more complex caste system Became harder and harder to move up ranks in system Daoism Wuwei Legalism shi Shang Yang Siege warfare Oligarchies 3. New Cities and an Expanding Economy Shravasti and Rajagriha thrived as artisanal centers; Taxila traded with Afghanistan and Iran A. Life in the New Cities Development haphazard, but civic authorities emphasized sanitation Raw goods imported into cities and manufactured goods exported to villages Economic guilds regulated competition, prices, wages; prevented monopolization Bankers and traders created coins of standardized weight B. Unequal Opportunities Urban life was far more uncertain; it included a new social class, the â€Å"untouchables† that did the dirty work 4. Brahmans, Their Challengers, and New Beliefs In cities, castes were intermingling and writing gave knowledge to the more lowly peoples New Brahman historical accounts claimed royal power had divine origin and priests were necessary People began to resent Brahmans and challenged their right for the top of the system A. Dissident Thinkers Refused to recognize Vedic gods; had practical, material beliefs Buddha and Mahavira came from middle Ganges where Brahman caste was nonexistent (recorded in Upanishads) B. Mahavira and Jainism  Vardhamana Mahivira- spent years as ascetic (one who rejects material possessions and pleasures) Jainism- Universe obeys its own rules and is unaffected by supernatural; purpose of life to purify soul (by being ascetic) and attain permanent bliss Doctrine of ahimsa (â€Å"no hurt†) limited religion to city dwellers C. Buddha and Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama- Buddha or Enlightened One; denied Brahmanic ritual, sacrifice, and cosmology (understanding the order of the universe). Four Truths- life is full of suffering all sufferings are caused by desire only way to rise above suffering is to renounce desire  only by following Noble Eightfold Path can individuals rid themselves of desire and reach nirvana This system gives hope that one can reach eternal happiness in this life Delivered ideas in vernacular Sanskrit; follower called sanghu (gathering) Karma determines the suffering and happiness of the next life Sided with the oligarchs; biggest followers were urban merchants Though none of the systems extinguished the caste system, they provided a new option to carry out activities of daily life Untouchables Jainism ahisma Siddhartha Cosmology Four Truths Nirvana Sanghu  Common Cultures in the Americas Most information we have is from archeological remains. The Chavin in the Andes Common belief system around 1400 BCE United more by culture and faith than any political structure Made elaborate stone carvings, cotton textiles, and metal goods by 900 BCE Trade and travel were limited by geography, lack of horses, and lack of central organization Chavin de Huantar- central temple complex; priests communicated with the supernatural through drugs Cults revered powerful wild animals (jaguars, serpents); â€Å"Smiling God† worshipped up to 400 BCE 2. The Olmecs in Mesoamerica Emerged around 1500 BCE; first generation society that contemplated profound questions Olmecs- â€Å"inhabitants in the land of rubber†; a unified culture of decentralized villages Cities as Sacred Centers Cities were devotional centers that spread architecture and art Shamans- certain humans that could transform into beasts and commune with the supernatural Olmec Art as Ideology  Craftsmen made portable objects and miniature figures that could help spread and unify belief system â€Å"Young Lord†- diplomatic artifact, conveys power and influence, shows shamanic characteristics and represents the three realms: supernatural, terrestrial, and the underworld Cities as Athletic Hubs Ball courts had room for fans; ritual ball games were integral in devotional culture Human sacrifice possibly linked to outcome of ball games Man, Nature, and Time Priests charted celestial movements, devised complex calendars, and other aspects of nature to learn about gods A World of Social Distinctions Tiers of social ranking- priests, chieftains, wealthy ruling families, merchants, everyone else The Loss of Centers Breakdown of culture mysterious and abrupt Many hubs were abandoned not destroyed; hinterlands remained highly productive Probably the belief system and ruler-subject bonds fell apart and the hierarchies collapsed Common Cultures in Sub-Saharan Africa As the Sahara became even larger, certain places became hubs for population, especially the Nile Valley 1. The Four Zones 1. Sahara- oases supported pastoral people 2. Sahel- south of Sahara; no large cities until first millennium BCE (Timbuktu) Chavin Olmecs Shamans 3. Sudanic savanna- high grasslands; free from the lethal tsetse fly; grew millet and sorghum 4. Western and central African rainforests- small-scale societies; grew yams and root crops Labor valued over land ownership. Between Sudanic Africa and Pharaonic Egypt  Kush- first important Nubian state; flourished 1700-1500 BCE; capital was Kerma Egypt’s source of ivory, gold, and slaves Meroe kingdom- 400-300 BCE; adapted many Egyptian traditions; struggled to keep identity from Egypt 3. West African Kingdoms Trading centers in Senegal River basin and among Mande people around Niger river Nok culture- at Tarunga, early iron smelting occurred in 600 BCE; bypassed stone and copper Nok famous for terra-cotta figurines that bear resemblance to modern inhabitants; were cult altarpieces Warring Ideas in the Mediterranean World. Many changes resulted in new thinking and creation of new political and economic institutions 1. New Thinking and New Societies at the Margins Seaborne peoples- Phoenicians, Greeks, Cretans, Cypriots, Lydians, Etruscans Had ideas about virtues of self-sufficient cities with more widely shared power; ideas of money and alphabet spread rapidly 2. A New World of City-States New creation- city-states were governed by their citizens Self-Government and Democracy First found in Carthage but associated with Greeks Different methods- popularly approved politician ruled (tyrannis) small number of powerful citizens ruled (oligoi) all free adult males involved (demokratia) Families as Foundational Units Aristotle- the household embodied the power relationships found in cities Women were supposed to stay within private world of family; those that went out were deemed immoral Competition and Armed War City states were freewheeling and competitive places Organized sporting events became very popular. Constant warfare inspired innovation like phalanx (formation of troops) Peloponnesian War- conflict between Athens and Sparta; recorded by Thucydides War reduced resources of all city-states and destroyed basic humanity of citizens 3. Economic Innovations and Population Movement Alphabet, coins, and central marketplace brought about trade and wealth Kush Menroe Nok Democracy Greek Women Peloponnesian war Free Markets and Money-Based Economies By end of fifth century BCE, Greeks issued variety of coins, as did Phoenicians, Etruscans, and Persians Agora- central open marketplace. Trade and Colonization Eastern Mediterranean groups created city-states in west Mediterranean and the Black Sea Culture developed rapidly as trade spread ideas all over Mediterranean coastal communities Chattel Slavery Chattel slavery- treating men, women, and children as objects of commerce Very profitable trade as it allowed for cheap manual and technical labor Encounters with Frontier Communities Tribes of the north were attracted to manufactured goods and preferred obtaining by force than trade Called barbarians but not radically different from original Greeks and Phoenicians 4. New Ideas Ideas were free to arise, circulate, and clash; no final authority to approve and force acceptance of one argument Naturalistic Science and Realistic Art Artists portrayed things as they appeared to the human eye The unadorned human figure became centerpiece of Greek art New Thinking and Greek Philosophers Miletus and Ephesus did not accept traditional explanations for the universe Believed in four basic elements- earth, fire, air, water Democritus suggested atoms, Pythagorean studied numbers, Xenophanes doubted existence of gods Philosophia- â€Å"love of wisdom†- debated over nature of cosmos, humans place in society, and the ideal state Socrates- stressed honor and integrity Plato- presented Socrates ideas, envisioned philosopher-king ruler; believed everything reflection of the â€Å"real† thing Aristotle- studying the facts helps achieve better understanding Conclusion Influential thinkers came to the fore with radically new perspectives New ideas had continuing impacts of societies that followed Agora Chattel slavery Barbarians Philosophy.